Main Executive Order Page
Names of Presidential Directives (24)

Executive Orders by President

National Emergency Declarations (34)

 Woodrow Wilson

1. February 5, 1917 Proclamation (Wilson) -- terminated on March 3, 1921    (41 Stat. 1359)

Franklin Roosevelt

1. March 6, 1933 Proclamation 2039 (Roosevelt) -- terminated in effect by National Emergencies Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-112)

2. September 8, 1939 Proclamation 2352 (Roosevelt) -- terminated on April 28, 1952 by Proclamation (Truman)

3. May 27, 1941 Proclamation 2487 (Roosevelt) -- terminated on April 28, 1952 by Proclamation (Truman)

Harry Truman

1. December 16, 1950 Proclamation 2914 (Truman) -- terminated in effect by National Emergencies Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-112)

Richard Nixon

1. March 23, 1970 Proclamation 3972 (Nixon) -- terminated in effect by National Emergencies Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-112)

2. August 23, 1971 Proclamation 4074 (Nixon) -- terminated in effect by National Emergencies Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-112)

James Carter

1. NOVEMBER 14, 1979 EXECUTIVE ORDER 12170 -- CURRENTLY IN EFFECT: Iran I

2. APRIL 17, 1980 EXECUTIVE ORDER 12211 -- CURRENTLY IN EFFECT: Iran II

Ronald Reagan

1. October 14, 1983 Executive Order 12444 -- terminated on December 20, 1983 by Executive Order 12451 (Reagan)

2. March 30, 1984 Executive Order 12470 -- terminated on July 12, 1985 by Executive Order 12525 (Reagan)

3. May 1, 1985 Executive Order 12513 -- terminated on March 13, 1990 by Executive Order 12707 (Bush)

4. September 9, 1985 Executive Order 12532 -- terminated on July 10, 1991 by Executive Order 12769 (Bush)

5. JANUARY 7, 1986 EXECUTIVE ORDER 12543 -- CURRENTLY IN EFFECT: Libya

6. April 4, 1988 Executive Order 12635 -- terminated on April 5, 1990 by Executive Order 12710 (Bush)

George H. W. Bush

1. AUGUST 2, 1990 EXECUTIVE ORDER 12722 -- CURRENTLY IN EFFECT: Iraq

2. September 30, 1990 Executive Order 12730 -- terminated on September 30, 1993 by Executive Order 12867 (Clinton)

3. November 16, 1990 Executive Order 12735 -- terminated on November 11, 1994 by Executive Order 12938 (Clinton)

4. October 4, 1991 Executive Order 12775 -- terminated on October 14, 1994 by Executive Order 12932 (Clinton)

5. MAY 30, 1992 EXECUTIVE ORDER 12808 -- CURRENTLY IN EFFECT: Yugoslavia

William Clinton

6. OCTOBER 25, 1994 EXECUTIVE ORDER 12934 -- CURRENTLY IN EFFECT: Bosnia/Herzegovina

7. NOVEMBER 14, 1994 EXECUTIVE ORDER 12938 -- CURRENTLY IN EFFECT: Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction

8. JANUARY 23, 1995 EXECUTIVE ORDER 12947 -- CURRENTLY IN EFFECT: Middle East Terrorists

9. March 15, 1995 Executive Order 12957 -- terminated in part on May 6, 1995 by Executive Order 12959 (Clinton)

10. OCTOBER 21, 1995 EXECUTIVE ORDER 12978 -- CURRENTLY IN EFFECT: Columbian Drug Dealers

11. MARCH 1, 1996 PROCLAMATION 6867 -- CURRENTLY IN EFFECT: Cuba

12. MAY 22, 1997 EXECUTIVE ORDER 13047 -- CURRENTLY IN EFFECT: Burma

13. NOVEMBER 3, 1997 EXECUTIVE ORDER 13067 -- CURRENTLY IN EFFECT: Sudan

Currently Effective Presidentially-Declared
States of National Emergency (14)

Constitutional Provisions -- Emergency Powers

Congress

• Article I, section 5, the House of Representatives' power of impeachment;
• Article I, section 6, the Senate's power to try all impeachments;
• Article I, section 8, the Congress' power to declare war;
• Article I, section 9, Congress shall suspend the privilege of habeas corpus only in cases of rebellion or invasion when the public safety may require it; and

President

• Article II, section 3 for the President to call special sessions of Congress

CONCLUSION: THE ONLY CONSTITUTIONAL EMERGENCY POWER GIVEN TO PRESIDENTS IS THE POWER TO CONVENE CONGRESS

"[E]mergency powers evolved after the ratification of the Constitution:

• [b]y PRESIDENTS relying upon implied powers or taking the stewardship view of their duties of office,
• by JUDICIAL sanction of Executive actions of questionable authority, or
• by CONGRESSIONAL grant of statutory power."

Source: U.S. Congress, Senate Special Committee on National Emergencies and Delegated Emergency Powers, A Brief History of Emergency Powers in the United States, committee print, 93rd Cong., 2d sess. (Washington: GPO, 1974), p. 5-6.

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